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Different Bonds, Shares, Options, Mutual Funds - Stocktrack Assignment

Essays on Different Bonds, Shares, Options, Mutual Funds - Stocktrack Assignment ï » ¿Different Bonds, Shares, Options, Mutual Funds - Stocktrack Table of Contents This paper discusses about Stocktrack portfolio. Different bonds, shares, options, mutual funds were invested and the result is being discussed. (Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading) Introduction $1,000,000 were invested in different stocks ranging from Bonds, shares, options, mutual funds, ETFs and Futures. Investment was made from January, 2011 to April, 2011.I have to invest these amounts through stocktrack.com which is a simulation website for investment in stock exchanges. (Anon., n.d.) After performing analysis of different stocks I have identified the following: 1. Best performing investments during that period 2. Worst performing investments during that period 3. Performance of Financial versus Non Financial Institutions. I will discuss them one by one with the analysis as required. (Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading) Best performing investments I have ranked performance of my stocks in terms of cumulative returns by the Companies. The analysis of these companies is also presented in terms of return per share and percentage of return on Investment. (some lessons learnt) Stocks The best performing investment in my portfolio is Yamana Gold Inc. (AUY) which was purchased at the price of $11.91 and was sold at $13.30 per share. Investment was made in 1660 shares and total return worked out to $2,307.40. 11.66% is the return in terms of total investment made. . (What is Stocktrack) The basis for increase in the prices of Yamana Gold was that the gold prices in the international market were increased between January to April, which resulted improved the performance of Yamana Gold and resulted as a reason of better returns to the investors. 2nd best performer in my portfolio is Netflix Inc (NFLX) for which I purchased 90 shares at the price of $219 and sold it for $234.86 resulting in the gain of $15.86 per share which is the highest per share return from any share in my portfolio. Therefore total return comes out to $1,427.40. 7.24% is the rate of return on the said investment. (What is Stocktrack) The main reason for increase in the prices of Netflix Inc is that some of the films which were released by Netflix Inc got very good response in the box office giving company high returns and therefore the prices of shares also shown good increase. (Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading) 3rd best performer was Chevron Corp (CVX). Total trading in this scrip was 100 shares. Total profit realized from this scrip $1,257 which is 3rd in terms of total profit and 2nd in terms of earning per share. 12.93% is the total return on the investment. . (What is Stocktrack) The rise in international oil prices was the primary cause of Chevron Corp.’s profit. Mutual Fund The best performance in terms of return was given by Fidelity Low-Priced Stock Fund which gives cumulative return of $1,668.32 making it $1.33 per share and 3.34% in terms of return on investment. 2nd best performer in mutual fund was Matthews China Fund (MCHFX) which gave total return of $1,066.35 which makes it $0.63 per share and 2.13% was the return from total investment made in this mutual fund. (What is Stocktrack) Worst performing investments Worst performing investments are ranked on the cumulative losses incurred by these investments. Other analysis presented for these investments are per share losses and the total losses in term of percentage of total investment made. (Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading) American International Group (AIG) is the investment in which I have sustained the highest loss. Total loss incurred by AIG amounts to $3,756.25 which is worked out to $6.01 per share and 14.83% is the percentage of loss as expressed in comparison with total investment. Recent recession hit badly the stocks related to financial sector therefore AIG also got a downturn and the resultant losses were transferred to share holders in the form of no return so the share prices also decreased. (Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading) Sony Corp (SNE) is 2nd worst performer in our portfolio. Total loss sustained by this investment amounts to $2,822.40 and $5.04 is the loss per share. This investment has absorbed 14.14% of the capital invested by me. The reason for Sony Corp’s (SNE) losses was economic crisis because of which the demand for high-tech electronic items was decreased. (some lessons learnt) Analysis between Financial and Non Financial Sector I invested in two financial scripts namely American International Group and Bank of America Corp. The performance of these two scripts was not good and they have incurred losses in our portfolio. Total loss sustained by both the companies amounting to $4,806.25.(What is Stocktrack) The main reason for the decrease in the prices of all the stocks related to Financial sectors are the recent economic crises which hit the financial industry badly and the resultant stocks performed badly. In case of non financial sector I have incurred a profit of $606.85 cumulatively. (Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading) The reason behind the slight increase in the non financial sector is that the recession has hit most of the sectors only those sectors which were not based on the interest. This factor contributed in the upward increase in the stock as the stocks selected by me were selected from both the baskets i.e. the one which got hit from recession and the others which did not get infected hence the ending result was positive by minimum amount. Lessons learnt from Trading Trading in stock is an art which needs to be learnt diligently and carefully. One of the problems in trading is that one wrong step taken may cost you millions of dollars. (What is Stocktrack) The lessons learnt by me are that the investment decisions should be made carefully in order to avoid huge losses. Further the trading activity needs complete study of the companies so the study should be conducted before investing in the trading activities. The trend analysis should be done before making an investment decision. Close monitoring of news is required in order to safe yourselves from the chances of sustaining losses against the decisions already disclosed by the company in other words we can say that consciousness is required while doing investment. . (What is Stocktrack) Investments in gold or other commodity should be made with full care about the circumstances if the delivery can be made. Careful decision should be made before investing in options and futures as these can create huge problems.(some lessons learnt) Especially in options they may get all your money in without giving you single penny return. Investment in stocks which are involved in sophisticated business should be avoided. Portfolio should be diversified in its nature. If investment is made in a particular industry, there are chances that particular industry may face some problems due to which all the shares of that industry face declining trend and so the investment may also be devalued. (Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading)Other factor may involve taxation implication on a particular industry which may also result the investment to be devalued. Further if the investment is only made in shares it may also create problems. Long term investment plan may minimize losses. (Bulkowski, n.d.) (Mao, n.d.) Conclusion Based on the discussion above, I would conclude that the portfolio should be diversified enough to cover every aspect of risk involved in transactions of stock exchanges. The investments should be made after careful analysis of the market trends. Bibliography: Anon., n.d. What is Stocktrack? [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.stocktrak.com/Public/about/about.aspx" http://www.stocktrak.com/Public/about/about.aspx . Bulkowski, T.N., n.d. Lessons learnt from 25 years of trading. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.smartmoney.com/investing/options/lessons-learned-after-25-years-of-trading-18197/" http://www.smartmoney.com/investing/options/lessons-learned-after-25-years-of-trading-18197/ . Mao, J., n.d. some lessons learnt. [Online] Available at: HYPERLINK "http://www.fraudwatchers.org/forums/showthread.php?t=44599" http://www.fraudwatchers.org/forums/showthread.php?t=44599 .

Personality in Human Resource Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Personality in Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction The reported study paper has been developed to identify the recruitment strategy of Dominos Australia, the largest pizza chain in the Australian target market ("Domino's Corporate", 2017). In terms of sales, numbers of retail outlets, and target market demographics, Dominos Australia can be termed as one of the biggest brands in the global food retail market. In the identified study, the key challenges for recruiting the workforce within the firm have been described analysing the entire recruitment practice of the firm. Precisely, through the evaluation of the challenges, strategic recommendations have been provided to address the issues to hire and retain the best talents. Dominos Australia has adopted suitable recruitment and selection strategy so that unmatched retail services can be delivered to the target demographics. During the hiring of the staff members, the organisation has taken substantial initiatives to motivate the highly trained and efficient human resources. As a result of the suitable recruitment policies, outstanding service value can be offered to the target audience (Dessler Teicher., Dessler, Teicher, 2014). By prioritising the recruitment and retention of employees, Dominos Australia has encouraged the standards of employee engagement at the highest level. In the recruitment of staffs, the recruiting department of Dominos Australia has introduced the best practices and policies to attract the best talents. Through the identification of the recruiting strategies of the other food retail marketers, Dominos Australia has adopted different recruitment tactics to hire the best employees in a cost effective way. For instance, e-recruit ment strategy, in-store advertisements, local job centres, and career fairs can be identified as the leading sources to attract the applicants (Sparrow, 2007). The recruitment strategy of Dominos Australia has been formulated in an organised way depending on the vacancy. Precisely, Dominos Australia has undertaken both the conventional and e-recruitment strategies to hire the staff members according to the requirements. During manual hiring, direct and indirect selection strategy has been considered. If vacancy has not been filled internally, advertisements have been publicised (Clayton, McKenna, 2012). During short listing of the applications, required skills, knowledge, and competencies have been verified to select the best candidate. Also, significant training and induction process have been conducted after entire verification procedure has been completed. Alternatively, the robust e-recruitment strategy has been introduced in the human resource management so that right employees have been chosen in a cost effective manner (Gavrel, 2015). On the other hand, the e-recruiting strategy has been utilised to save precious time in recruiting the best talents. Challenges for Recruitment In the existing market scenario, the management of Dominos Australia has to deal with a number of challenges regarding selection and recruitment of in-store staff members, sales executives, marketing personnel, and other executive members. In this very section, the different challenges for recruiting within the food retail outlets of Dominos Australia have been illustrated as below: During the recruitment of sales executives and marketing personnel for the food retail business of Dominos Australia, skill shortage can be identified as one of the most significant challenges. For the recruiters of Dominos Australia, it is essential to meet the sales and marketing skills (Chung, Rutherford, Park, 2012). Therefore, identifying the skills of the executives will be evident during the hiring process. Relatively, the demand of the skilled labours is high whereas the supply is not enough. If the hiring of the employees has not been done in an effective way, the skills gap can reduce the standards of in-store services. Most of the freshers have lacked the significant marketing and sales skills suitable to fill the vacancies for Dominos Australia. Therefore, the recruiters have to increase the reach of the talent pool to hire the best. Also, due to shortage of skills and competencies, retention of the employees has become a significant challenge as well. Compliance and Legislation In case of hiring the new employees, recruiters of Dominos Australia have to consider the employment legislations and compliance. Most importantly, the sections of the Fair Work Act 2009 have to be identified so that suitable relations can be developed during the hiring of employees. On the other hand, the recruiters have to understand the Sex Discrimination Act and Racial Discrimination Act so that any of the candidates should not be rejected based on discriminatory issues (Kramar et al., 2014). If such cases will happen, the company has to face the legal consequences. In addition, the Equal Opportunity Act 1999 has to be considered by the recruiters to ensure men and women can be provided equal job opportunities based on talents and qualification (McDonald, 2015). Apart from the laws, the minimum hourly wage rate must be provided to the employees to avoid any legal indecision regarding compensation. Precisely, all of these compliance and legislation must be taken into account to re cruit new talents. In addition to the issues of compliance and legislations, the recruiters of Dominos Australia has combat the counter offers that have been utilised by the other leading marketers to attract the talent resource. As a result of the consequences, the recognition of the brand needs to play a vital role (Marie Ryan, Derous, 2016). The brand name and facilities provided to the employees have influenced the candidates to join the company. However, the organisational management has to offer exploding offers and compensation packages to hire the best talents as well as retaining the talents. Therefore, recruiters need to negotiate with the candidates so that best talents can be hired in a cost-effective manner (Perrew, 2011). Demographic Issues The demographic changes in Australia have emerged with different issues for the recruitment process of Dominos Australia. The labour forces have become diverse that has dominated the HR management of the firm to make changes in its HR management practices. However, the demographics is not only changing, but changing at a higher pace that have emerged to be a major challenge for the HR professionals to hire, train and manager the new generation of workforce (Tokatli, Boyaci, 2016). The Australian population has been ageing that has become a major challenge for the HR professionals. It can be seen through research that around 25 percent of the population is of an age of over 65 years. On the other hand, around 57 percent of the population is below the age of 25 years. The issue of under-aged population has been termed as generation Y (Kramar et al., 2014). The population of these ages lack proper experiences and skills that becomes a major issue for the recruiting firms. Hence, the po pulation capable of working as an employee of Dominos Australia has reduced in the recent years due to the changing demographics of the country (Stari?eca, 2015). Meanwhile, the population of generation Y uses online communication media such as social networking sites more than the traditional media. Therefore, the company needs to focus on online recruiting. Additionally, the cultural diversity among the population has emerged to be another primary issue for the recruiters of Dominos Australia. With increased globalisation, the movement of people from one region to another has become free that increases the cultural diversity and reduces cultural homogeneity within the workforce (Marie Ryan, Derous, 2016). The individualistic value applicants prefer jobs that offer autonomous goals and proactive achievements. On the other hand, collectivist cultural applicants prefer jobs that offer group work (Atalay, Kim, Whelan, 2014). Hence, it is important for the recruiters to understand the differences in culture while planning the recruitment and selection strategies. Hence, different means of recruitment and selection methods must be used to employ the best talent from the diversified labour market of Australia. Strategies to meet the challenges In order to meet the challenges of recruitment faced by Dominos Australia in the recent years, the HR department of the firm needs to make changes in its recruitment and selection strategies. The strategies to meet the challenges have been discussed in details herein below: Job Assessment and job description: The management of Dominos Australia must conduct job assessment in order to observe the current market status of the labour market of Australia. Furthermore, internal assessment must be conducted in order to evaluate the availability of talents inside the organisation (Chungyalpa, Karishma, 2016). Finally, the job description must be developed keeping in mind the current situation of the labour market and industry standards. A better job description will help the firm to attract the best talent in the market. Employer Branding: The HR management of Dominos Australia needs to focus on employer branding by improving its internal reputation and providing the employees with career development opportunities. The company can conduct PR activities and narrate its success stories in terms of employing a diverse workforce. On the other hand, PR campaign can be conducted to explain the external audiences the corporate environment implemented by the firm (Sheehan, 2014). Additionally, the company can make use of advertisement over the employment magazines to improve the positioning of its employer branding. Digital Advertisement: Another significant strategy that can be used by the HR department of Dominos Australia is the digital advertisement. The management can make use of social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn to advertise its employment openings and job offerings to the new applicants (van Wanrooy, 2016). The use of digital advertisement will help the company to reach a higher number of target audiences and reduce the cost of recruitment advertisements. Online Recruiting: The Company must focus on online recruitment strategy in order to get access to knowledgeable applicants capable of using modern technology. On the other hand, the online recruitment strategy reduces the time and effort of the recruiters in screening the information of the applicants through automatic tools (Susomrith, Brown, 2013). Additionally, the online recruitment strategy will provide access to a higher number of applicants due to the increasing use of internet in the current generation. Training and development for recruiters: Finally, the company must focus on training and development of the recruiters in order to make them aware of the demographic changes and supply of labour in the market (Susomrith, Brown, 2013). Furthermore, the training and development programme will make the recruiters aware of the cultural diversity and employment laws that must be considered while recruiting a new employee. Conclusion By considering the above analysis, the Human Resource Management of Dominos Australia needs to face several challenges in the recruitment process due to the falling supply of labour and increasing skills gap among the younger generation of Australia. On the other hand, the changing rules and regulations of the Australia government is another major challenge for the recruiters. Furthermore, the changing demographics in terms of ageing population, generation Y and cultural diversity makes it difficult for the Dominos management to carry on its recruitment process using static strategies. The company needs to make changes in its recruitment policies in order to hire the best talent available in the Australian market. There is a need of proper job assessment and job description to understand the market and attract suitable candidates. Additionally, Dominos needs to focus on online advertisement and employer branding to seek a better positioning in the market. However, the management of Dominos also needs to focus on online recruiting to carry on with the trend of using technology in HRM. Finally, the company needs to implement training and development programmes for the recruiters to make them aware of the changing demographics and legal obligations to improve the current process of recruitment. References Atalay, K., Kim, W., Whelan, S. (2014). The Decline of the Self-Employment Rate in Australia.Australian Economic Review,47(4), 472-489. Chung, T., Rutherford, B., Park, J. (2012). Understanding multifaceted job satisfaction of retail employees.International Journal Of Retail Distribution Management,40(9), 699-716. Chungyalpa, W., Karishma, T. (2016). Best Practices and Emerging Trends in Recruitment and Selection.Journal Of Entrepreneurship Organization Management,05(02). Clayton, A., McKenna, C. (2012). Effective Recruitment and Selection.Legal Information Management,2(02). Dessler Teicher., Dessler, G., Teicher, J. (2014).Recruitment selection(1st ed.). Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Education Australia. Domino's Corporate. (2017).Dominos.com.au. Retrieved May 2017, from https://www.dominos.com.au/inside-dominos/corporate Gavrel, F. (2015). Participation, Recruitment Selection, and the Minimum Wage.The Scandinavian Journal Of Economics,117(4), 1281-1305. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12106 Kramar, R., Bartram, T., Gerhart, B., Hollenbeck, J., Noe, R., Wright, P. (2014).Human resource management(5th ed.). N.S.W. Australia: McGraw-Hill Education. Marie Ryan, A., Derous, E. (2016). Highlighting Tensions in Recruitment and Selection Research and Practice.International Journal Of Selection And Assessment,24(1), 54-62. McDonald, P. (2015). International Migration and Employment in Australia.Population Review,54(2). Perrew, P. (2011). The role of personality in human resource management.Human Resource Management Review,21(4), 257. Sheehan, N. (2014). Pizza, Pizza, Pizza: A Competitive Strategy Exercise.Organization Management Journal,11(1), 40-46. Sparrow, P. (2007).International recruitment selection and assessment(1st ed.). London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Stari?eca, O. (2015). Employer Brand Role in HR Recruitment and Selection.Economics And Business,27(1). Susomrith, P., Brown, A. (2013). Motivations for HR outsourcing in Australia.The International Journal Of Human Resource Management,24(4), 704-720. Tokatli, N., Boyaci, Y. (2016). The changing retail industry and retail landscapes.Cities,15(5), 345-359. van Wanrooy, B. (2016). Convincing the toilers?: Dilemmas of long working hours in Australia.Work, Employment Society,20(2), 349-368.

Essay Examples on Vietnam War Essay Example

Essay Examples on Vietnam War Paper 1st Essay Sample on Vietnam War The Vietnam War, the nation’s longest, cost fifty-eight thousand American lives. Only the Civil War and the two world wars were deadlier for Americans. During the decade of direct U.S. military participation in Vietnam beginning in 1964, the U.S Treasury spent over $140 billion on the war, enough money to fund urban renewal projects in every major American city. Despite these enormous costs and their accompanying public and private trauma for the American people, the United States failed, for thefirst time in its history, to achieve its stated war aims. The goal was to preserve a separate, independent, noncommunist government in South Vietnam, but after April 1975, the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) ruled the entire nation. The initial reasons for U.S. involvement in Vietnam seemed logical and compelling to American leaders. Following its success in World War II, the United States faced the future with a sense of moral rectitude and material confidence. From Washington’s perspective, the principal threat to U.S. security and world peace was monolithic, dictatorial communism emanating from he Soviet Union. Any communist anywhere, at home or abroad, was, by definition, and enemy of the United States. Drawing an analogy with the unsuccessful appeasement of fascist dictators before World War II, the Truman administration believed that any sign of communist aggression must be met quickly and forcefully by the United States and its allies. This reactive policy was known as containment. In Vietnam the target of containment was Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh front he had created in 1941. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Vietnam War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Vietnam War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ho and his chief lieutenants were communists with long-standing connections to the Soviet Union. They were also ardent Vietnamese nationalists who foughtfirst to rid their country of the Japanese and then, after 1945, to prevent France from reestablishing its former colonial mastery over Vietnam and the rest of Indochina. Harry S. 2nd Essay Sample on Vietnam War Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia. It lies south of China. The size of this country, so you understand the space the U.S. was involved in when fighting the Vietnam War, is about the size of California. The history behind the Vietnam War started back when France governed this small country, during the 1890s Vietnam became a colony of France. The French hung onto Vietnam until World War II. At this time World War II occupied much of the forces for the French. The French basically deserted the Vietnamese people leaving them to govern on their own. When the war ended with the Japanese, being defeated in 1945. The French returned to Vietnam ready to control them again but, to their surprise the Vietnamese people refused to let them. As a result of this, tension grew and the Indochina War began in 1946. The French wasted no time in bombing cities. The city hit hardest was Haiphong, killing around six thousand Vietnamese people and civilians. Unprepared for this type of war the Vietnamese soldiers scattered into the jungle becoming guerrilla fighters. Waging guerrilla warfare, small, secret military bands lived and worked in the countryside. The Vietnamese harassed the French with a series of surprise attacks. Before the French could react, the Vietnamese would disappear into the mountains and jungles. This continued and the French poured more and more money and troops into the combat. In 1954, the French were determined to lure the Vietnamese out into the open at Dien Bien Phu. Dien Bien Phu was where the French had established an airstrip, for most of their supplies would arrive by helicopters or planes. This became the last battle in the Indochina War. The Vietnamese were determined and ready for this challenge. When this battle started there were huge casualties on both sides. The Vietnamese took out the airstripfirst, only allowing the French to drop supplies and food to the soldiers.

Tess Of The DUrbervilles Essays - Film, Literature, Lost Films

Tess Of The D'Urbervilles In the novel Tess of the D'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, Tess is faced with many different levels of happiness, from pure joy to absolute unhappiness. As she moves from location to location, the setting of these places portrays Tess' joy. From her pure happiness at Talbothay's Dairy, to the turning point of Tess's joy at the old D'Urberville house, to her most unforgiving stay at Flintcomb-Ash, to her final contentness before her death at Bramshurst Court, the reader sees atmospheric changes that diminish then climb back up. Hardy thoroughly demonstrates through his descriptions of her surroundings how Tess will feel while stationed in each place. After Tess's life has been torn apart by Alec D'Urberville she needs to seek refuge. By leaving her home town of Marlott, she is able to start her life anew. She escapes to the jovial atmosphere of Talbothay's Dairy. As Tess crosses over the ridge of the hill it seems as though she is switching worlds. Hardy's description portrays the field as "a billiard table of indefinite length" (Hardy 98) with "a carpeted level, which stretched to the east and the west as far as the eye could reach" (97). The land is described as being as limitless as Tess' joy. The area is plush and beautiful, and here, Tess is able to relax and be free of her past. Tess' "whimsical eye" (98)sees "vivid green moss" (98). This gives the area a childlike appeal, as though you can be young and happy while at Talbothay's Dairy. Tess feels warm as she watches the "shadows... with as much care over each contour as if it had been the profile of a Court beauty on a palace wall" (98). Even the cows have a majestic magnetism as the "white [of their horns] reflected the sunshine in dazzling brilliancy" (99). Talbothay's Dairy is glowing with joy and this warmth finds its way to a well-needing Tess. Tess is able to feel happy again and "that she really had laid a new foundation for her future. The conviction bred serenity" (101). This happy feeling continues throughout Tess' stay, as she remeets Angel, and falls in love. After their marriage, Tess and Angel go to live in an old D'Urberville house near Wellbridge Mill. As they are leaving Talbothay's Dairy they hear a cock crow. The crowd immediately thinks of the old wife's tale of an afternoon cock meaning bad luck. While they try to dismiss it saying that it's "not what you think: 'tis impossible!" (Hardy 202), it sets the backdrop for what is to come. The mood and setting upon their arrival to the D'Urberville house are ominous, continuing the cock's effect. Tess is depressed by the house, exclaiming "Those horrid women!" (Hardy 203) when she sees portraits of her ancestors. As the night grew longer "the restful dead leaves of the preceding autumn were stirred to irritated resurrection, and whirled about unwillingly, and tapped against the shutters. It soon began to rain" (Hardy 204). Tess' happiness begins to falter with the rain. She proceeds to tell Angel the story of her past, while "the ashes under the grate were lit by the fire vertically, like a torrid waste" (Hardy 211). Hardy describes the coals in the fire as having "a Last Day luridness" which penetrates to Tess, and results in her separating from Angel. This mysterious atmosphere is portrayed by Hardy in order to be a turning point and start the decrease of Tess' joy . As a result of her past, Angel leaves Tess, and Hardy sends her to work at Flintcomb-Ash. Flintcomb-Ash is shown as a brutally unforgiving place. It is through this dismal atmosphere that Hardy shows when Tess hits the bottom of her happiness. Even while Tess is heading towards Flintcomb-Ash Hardy shows the change. The 'air was dry and cold and the long cart-roads were blown white and dusty within a few hours after the rain" (263). Tess becomes part of the "stroke of raindrops, the burn of sunbeams, and the stress of winds. There is no passion in her now" (262). Tess finds herself approaching an area of "irregular chalk -table land" (263) compared to the lush, green fields of Talbothay's Dairy. She enters the "remains of a village... in a slight depression" (263). The land is horrid with its "stubborn soil" (264) and Tess realizes that "the walls [seem] to be the only friend she [has]" (264). It is appropriate that the village is filled with melancholy descriptions, as this is exactly how Tess feels.

BINOM.DIST in Excel

BINOM.DIST in Excel Calculations with the binomial distribution formula can quite tedious and difficult. The reason for this is due to the number and types of terms in the formula.  As with many calculations in probability, Excel can be utilized to expedite the process. Background on the Binomial Distribution The binomial distribution is a discrete probability distribution. In order to use this distribution, we need to make sure that the following conditions are met: There are a total of n independent trials.  Each of these trials can be classified as a success or failure.The probability of success is a constant p. The probability that exactly k of our n trials are successes is given by the formula: C( n, k) pk (1 - p)n – k. In the above formula, the expression C( n, k) denotes the binomial coefficient. This is the number of ways to form a combination of k elements from a total of n. This coefficient involves the use of the factorial, and so C(n, k) n!/[k!(n – k)! ]. COMBIN Function The first function in Excel related to the binomial distribution is COMBIN. This function calculates the binomial coefficient C( n, k), also known as the number of combinations of k elements from a set of n. The two arguments for the function are the number n of trials and k the number of successes. Excel defines the function in terms of the following: COMBIN(number, number chosen) Thus if there are 10 trials and 3 successes, there are a total of C(10, 3) 10!/(7!3!) 120 ways for this to occur. Entering COMBIN(10,3) into a cell in a spreadsheet will return the value 120. BINOM.DIST Function The other function that is important to know about in Excel is BINOM.DIST. There are a total of four arguments for this function in the following order: Number_s is the number of successes. This is what we have been describing as k.Trials are the total number of trials or n.Probability_s is the probability of a success, which we have been denoting as p.Cumulative uses an input either of true or false to calculate a cumulative distribution. If this argument is false or 0, then the function returns the probability that we have exactly k successes. If the argument is true or 1, then the function returns the probability that we have k successes or less. For example, the probability that exactly three coins out of 10 coin flips are heads is given by BINOM.DIST(3, 10, .5, 0). The value returned here is 0.11788. The probability that from flipping 10 coins at most three are heads is given by BINOM.DIST(3, 10, .5, 1). Entering this into a cell will return the value 0.171875. This is where we can see the ease of using the BINOM.DIST function. If we did not use software, we would add together the probabilities that we have no heads, exactly one head, exactly two heads or exactly three heads. This would mean that we would need to calculate four different binomial probabilities and add these together. BINOMDIST Older versions of Excel use a slightly different function for calculations with the binomial distribution. Excel 2007 and earlier use the BINOMDIST function. Newer versions of Excel are backward compatible with this function and so BINOMDIST is an alternate way to calculate with these older versions.

Microeconomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microeconomic - Essay Example This academic paper will be focused on the logic behind warranties as signal of quality as well as what limits the attractiveness of warranties as signals for high-quality firms. Grossman (1981) argued that indicating enhanced efficient functioning of a perfectly competitive market in a situation where there is information deficiency. Warranties offered by most production companies are considered common types of signal sent by high-quality production companies. This is at reducing consumer’s quality doubt and information gaps in the product’s quality. Quality has been used to refer to observable and unobserved product characteristics in terms of product performance and durability. The common assumption is that firms producing low-quality products find it very expensive to offer a warranty. This product assumption makes offering of product warranty a credible signal of unobservable product performance and durability among many other features. In the production industry, product failures are highly linked with product quality and workmanship hence the cost of offering the warrant will be higher for poor quality products. As a result of innovation and technological advancements, the information asymmetry between consumer and manufacturer is great. This comes about due to an increase product modifications and releases on an annual basis. In the situation of new products, consumers have very little information on product information and quality due to the unavailability of past experiences and third party reviews. The injection of costly warranties in asymmetric information implies that warranties serve as pertinent projections of product quality in the production sector. The primary objective of all businesses remains profit-making through cost minimization and revenue maximization. In case the producers manufactured goods with high chances of product failures, they will be forced to incur high costs through repair and repl acement which will

The Role Self-Concept In Building Interpersonal Relationships Essay

The Role Self-Concept In Building Interpersonal Relationships - Essay Example Sales personnel can obtain the attention of the manager of some organization by applying his oily tongue, flattering techniques, and capability of glamorizing the scenario and articles to sell them to the customers and clients. A writer can capture the consideration of a magazine, journal or newspaper by writing the powerful article on the topic of public interest. Without self-disclosure in the present of the relevant authority, making sure headway leading to success is certainly tantamount to impossibility. It becomes evident that self-concept and self-disclosure turn out to be fruitful for the individuals to assess and estimate their abilities and exhibit the same while communicating with other members of society. Attributed to the unprecedented technological advancements, the contemporary era is frequently regarded to be the age of perfect competition, which has introduced revolutionary alterations in all fields of life, including the corporate sector all over the globe. The comp anies hire the services of highly qualified, proficient, confident and brilliant personnel against the positions in different departments with the aim of ensuring a powerful penetration into the entire business environment in a successful manner. Not only this that the companies strongly recommend the development of self-concept in the employees, but also lay stress upon the observing of the same while demonstrating their interpersonal skills while entering into interaction with the management, co-workers, subordinates, and customers at large.

Ancient Theatres in Jerash Essay Example for Free

Ancient Theatres in Jerash Essay Modern technology has changed matters in documentation significantly and promises to continue to bring change. This paper attempts to present:1-How should we understand documentation of archaeological Sites, historic buildings and monuments according to their particularities, categories, types, components of documentation, taking into account the internationally agreed standards for the documentation of the cultural heritage. 2- The potential of the application of 3D laser Scanner and Photomodeler in documentation of the immovable cultural heritage. As a case study the ancient theatres of Jerash (the Southern and the Northern) will be presented. While the purpose of using different methods of documentation is to make comparison comparison of the advantages ,disadvantages ,the accuracy of the traditional method – total station –, 3D scanner method, and Photomodeler method. 1. INTRODUCTION As cultural heritage is a unique expression of human achievement, and since this cultural heritage is continuously at risk, documentation is one of the principal ways available to give meaning, understanding, definition and recognition of the values of the cultural heritage. As such it constitutes an important basis of orientation for subsequent restoration and maintenance measures. Furthermore all interventions acquire the character of evidence themselves and therefore, have to be documented. Article 16 of the Venice Charter emphasizes that in all works of preservation or excavation, there should always be precise documentation in the form of analytical and critical reports, illustrated with drawings and photographs. Every stage of the work, including technical and formal features identified during the course of the work, should be included. This record should be placed in the archives of a public institution and made available to research workers. It is recommended that the report should be published. Thus documenting the Cultural Heritage not only describes the context in which the materials were found, and their relationship in space and time to geological deposits and large architectural features, but also as monitoring of the remains of past human activities. The documentation process, which may be undertaken as an aid to various CRM activities, such as protection, identification, monitoring, interpretation, registration of stolen cultural objects, can benefit tremendously from various modern techniques that are available to us nowadays. (graphic documentation) Techniques based on conventional surveying to produce plans, elevations, and architectural details. Photographic e.g. photography, rectified photography,computer-rectified photography, photogrammetry, and 3D laser scanner. The photographical documentation should provide information on the important condition of a monument, i.e. before, during, and after restoration. 3. INTERNATIONAL CORE DATA INDEX There are three internationally agreed standards for the documentation of the cultural heritage: a) The Core Data Index to Historic Buildings and Monuments of the Architectural Heritage (1992), b) The Core Data Standard for Archaeological Sites and Monuments (1995), and c) The Object ID (1997) which was developed to provide an international standard for the information needed to identify cultural objects, in response to the threat posed by the illicit trade in the movable heritage. The evaluation of the documentation process can be carried out by comparison with such standards. Other considerations could be related to the particularity of the monument, the cost, the ability to benefit from modern digital techniques and the success in acting as a historical record of human activities. 4. ANCIENT THEATRES OF JERASH Few ancient towns are as well preserved and as complete as Jerash, a city complex that once was a thriving commercial zone and part of the Decapolis. Built in the 2nd century BC the city was conquered in 63 BC by the Roman General Pompey. The grand theatres and spacious public squares, plazas and baths, the Roman Cardo running 700 meters north from the Oval Plaza and pass sky-piercing columns flanking from both sides in Jerash make this site truly an archaeological park. 4.1 The Southern Theatre in Jerash The southern theater (Exterior Diameter 70.5m) today is one of the most impressive of Jerash’s public building. Begun at the end of the 1st century AD (during the reign of Domitian) and completed in the early 2nd century. On its completion, it became one of the most splendid civic monuments in the 2. CATEGORIES AND COMPONENTS OF DOCUMENTATION Regardless of the location of the activity, it type or philosophy of art and historical conservation, the documentation should address three questions: what it is, where it is, and when! There are three Categories and Components of Documentation: Written: should comprise an architectural description, the state of preservation , an interpretation of the results of all tests and analyses, a summary of the results of all investigations, and a report on the interventions executed. Non-photographic ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September – 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ developing city and certainly the finest of its type in the whole province. The cavea of the auditorium was divided into two sections, with a wide terrace (diazoma) describing the full half circle between them. The lower half was built into the side of the hill. While the top half was built above it. Although the auditorium has survived remarkably well, the top rows of seats are missing, and one cannot be sure of the exact original number.(Figure. 1) Figure. 2 Plan of the Northern Theatre The theatre itself probably had two main phases during its lifetime. It was dedicated, and probably completed, in AD 64/65. It was a small, probably, theatre used for poetry readings, meetings or more modest performances than the large dramatic events that would have taken place in the citys larger Southern Theatre. The theatre may also have been the city councils meeting hall. It was- modified several times and probably enlarged in the first quarter of the 3rd century. It finally went out of use as a theatre by the 5th to 6th centuries. On some of the seats of the lower cevea are inscribed in Greek the names of the voting tribes (phylai) that were represented in the bouleutirium, or city council except one tribe named after the Roman Emperor Hadrian, the others are named after Olympian gods. the theatre was also used as a bouleuterion, or city council meeting-hall. The theatres expansion in the first quarter of the3rd century AD included the addition of eight rows of seats, doubling the theatres capacity to around 1600 people. The three best preserved external vomitoria, at the western end of the upper auditorium, show their original construction of three independent, semicircular arches rising towards the exterior with evidence of large wooden doors that could have been opened or closed to control access to the theatre. The original scaena wall, facing the audience from behind the stage, was dismantled and replaced by a more complex scaena composed of two parallel wal1s. The elaborate scaenae frons was probably two storeys high, and was adorned with colored marble, free-standing Corinthian columns and broken entablatures, behind which were semicircular niches decorated with mosaics. Figure. 1 Plan of the Southern Theatre The front of the stage was divided into four sections with pedestals between them. Each section was decorated with a central pedimental niche flanked by arched niches .These elaborate architectural compositions are a common feature of Roman theatres. The front of the stage is decorated with pediment and arched niches. The wall rising behind the stage, the Scaenae Frons is pierced by three doors used by the performers to enter and exit the stage from the sides. The Scaenae Frons would have had second storey repeating most of the decorative and architectural elements of the lower level. Much of the outer (north) wall of the theater is a modern reconstruction. The rebuilding, however, of the rear wall behind the scaenae frons must be regretted, for we do not know what this wall was like and such suspect `restorations` run the risk of endangering the validity of the whole structure; for how can one be sure what is genuine and what is not? Happily, the greater part of the theatre is completely genuine. (Browning. Iain/ Jerash and the Decapolis) 4.2 The Northern Theatre The North Theatre complex is composed of the North Theatre (Exterior Diameter 43, 47m, orchestra Diameter 14,33m) itself and a plaza in front of it . A great deal smaller than the South Theatre, its orientation is determined by the northern decumanus upon which it opens and from which it is approached. The cavea shows the usual arrangement of four cunei in the lower half, and eight in the upper half .At the top of the upper section of the cavea there was scarcely room for passageway and colonnade.( Figure. 2 ) 5. METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION IN JERASH THEATRES The purpose of using different Methods of documentation of the Southern and Northern Jerash theatres is to make comparison of the advantages ,disadvantages ,the accuracy of the traditional recording method, 3D scanner, and PhotoModeler. Accuracy is the correctness of the measurement, regardless of its precision. Precision refers to the fineness of measured distinctions. Results of the case studies are presented and compared. The aim is to give (mostly nongeodetic) users recommendations, which method is suited best for what kind of application, or even if a combination of 3D scanning and PhotoModeler is advisable. Criteria like quality of the results, amount of cost and time, required equipment and occurring problems are to be considered. To investigate the advantages, disadvantages and ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September – 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ the accuracy of these methods, we carried out some case studies for the two theatres. Different typical objects were chosen and characteristically parts of them were recorded by tape, total station, PhotoModeler and 3D scanning. In this research project, we have installed a number of different test targets that allow an investigation in the quality of points recorded by laser scanners and the geometric models derived from the point clouds. 5.1 By using Total Station and AutoCAD Software: Conceptually, total stations are different from most measuring systems used by archaeologists because they are effective over a great range of scales and have an accuracy that is unusual in our experience. Limits on drawing precision that were once inherent in the use of scaled drawings have been removed by CAD systems. For example, it might be measuring the position of a point 1 km away from the total station and be accurate at least to the centimeter. This is equivalent to the use a tape to measure the distance to an object a meter away with .01 mm accuracy. The total station can be used to measure archaeological structures during an excavation. The precision with which a CAD system can maintain coordinates depends on the internal data structure chosen, but all standard CAD systems maintain coordinates at levels of precision beyond the scholars capacity to measure. A surveyor collecting data using preelectronic techniques could have used the tape to take the measurements, together with cross section for elevation information and quantity estimates. Or, the survey could have been completed using such polar techniques as transit or theodolite/EDM surveys. Electronic data collection with total station instruments permits the quick acquisition of a large amount of field data, together with the efficient and error-free transfer of the data to a computer. Once in the computer, the field data can be edited and analyzed for completeness of coverage and accuracy. For the documentation of the Southern theatre and the Northern theatre of Jerash more than 900 points were taken using the total station (Skoia). Tape measurement was conducted to record some of the dimensions of the theatre (the scene and some architectural details). The goal of these measurements was to collect more field dimensional measurement and other detail measurement for the documentation of the theatres. Full documentation for the Southern theatre of Jerash 2D and 3D was finalized with 2D documentation and reconstruction for the Northern theatre of Jerash. 5.2 By using PhotoModeler: While photogrammetry and metric surveying techniques can be suitable for archaeological sites and buildings, they present certain disadvantages for smaller and more complex objects. PhotoModeler is a windows software program that helps to extract measurements and 3D models from photographs. By using cameras as an input device, photomodeler is capable to extract accurate measurements and details. It is based on using several photos ( Figure 4 ) from different angles with known focal length, using control points ( Figure. 5 ). PhotoModeler can create 3D models and export the measured data as a dxf file. ADVANTAGES Contains information about surface detail (e.g. weathering patterns).Photographs are easier to interpret and recognize than drawing. DISADVANTAGES Essential high-skilled photographers.The enlargement of images should do accurately.Photographic format (analogue). PhotoModeler is one of the methods we used in documenting, measuring, and modeling the scene of the Southern theatre in Jerash. Several selected photos taken from slightly different positions were shot using digital camera. For calibration, some 3D points of the scene were obtained. For this purpose a modern integrated total station model Sokkia to collect more than 50 points to record the 3D points. These points were carefully chosen to be very well distributed on the scene in order to use them as GCPs (Ground Control Points). ( Figure. 5 ) With these data, we produce a 3D model, Orthorectified images (Photogrammetry) and measurements (x, y, z) or lengths for the stage of the Southern theatre of Jerash. For more accuracy we produced a detailed model for the scene features- the left Gate(Figure. 3 ) and then combined these detailed models together to produce the scene of the theatre. Figure 4. Camera Stations to produce a 3D Model for the the left Gate of the stage of Jerash Southern Theatre Figure 3 3D Model for the left Gate of the scene of Jerash Southern Theatre. ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September – 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ first implementation of the new technology seems to be very useful and promising. The main advantage of scanning is the fast and direct collection of large numbers of surface object points. The measurement process needs no attendance except for the set-up required when establishing a new viewpoint. The huge number of records formed a nice cloud of points, which very precisely matches the true 3D shape of the interested object (in our case the cavea and the scene of the two theatres). In the office there are two sophisticated softwared, which deal with the collected cloud of points. One of the software can import the clouds and get a nice three model of the object. The other software can also get the 3D model and rectify the model to get the measurements of the object. The final result can be exported to CAD software like Auto Cad or Micro Station. A couple of Million of 3D points were captured from different points of view. In addition to the 3D points, a set of 2D images were also been taken. In the Southern theater three stations were sat up to capture points of the theater from different angles of view as shown in (Figures 6, 7, 9). In the north theatre we used three stations to cover the whole theater and two stations to capture the surrounding area . All these stations and the cloud of points are shown in (Figures 8, 10). Figure 4. Several photos from different angles with known focal length, using control points for the Scine of the Southern theatre 5.3 By using 3D scanner. Laser scanning technology with its automated data capture capabilities is bringing new perspectives and can satisfy most requirements of this type of applications. 3D laser scanning represents today the most advanced technology available for measuring and documenting objects. Our scanner can measure on average about 1000 points per second. Terrestrial laser scanning technology is based on active range sensors measuring directly the distance between the sensor and points over the surveyed object. Objects that can be documented by 3D scanning, range from the sizes of coins or potsherds to whole cultural landscapes. Traditional heritage recording methods like close range photogrammetry are not suitable for all kinds of objects. Particularly when the objects have very irregular surfaces and not a clearly defined structure, scanning wi ll probably yield better results than photogrammetry. In contrast to photogrammetry 3D scanners directly produce a huge number of 3D points. The resulting point cloud can be used to extract CAD elements or by using point triangulation to create a 3D surface model. Additionally, images can be mapped onto the model to get a virtual copy of the real object. While both photogrammetric and laser scanning techniques can deliver similar type of products the end users are accustomed to have, other supplementary data such as line drawings, DTM etc., A main advantage as compared to close range photogrammetry is the availability of near real time 3D coordinates for irregular surfaces. The striking capability of collecting hundreds or even thousands of points per second is praised by producers and operators. On the other hand, questions concerning the quality and accuracy of the recorded points receive little attention. Specifications stated by the producers are not comparable. The main difference between scanning and photogrammetry is obvious: While photogrammetric surveying is an indirect data acquisition method (images are needed before measurements can be executed), scanning produces 3D points directly. As geodetic surveying instruments, scanners cannot be used when the object or the observation platform is moving. In these cases, photogrammetric images, which can be acquired with very short exposure times, are the only means of metric documentation. Although surveyors tend to see accuracy as a predominant consideration when comparing measuring equipment, for the practical use there are numerous other characteristics which may be decisive under certain project pre-conditions. Four stages for doing the work: scanning in the field, registration ,segmentation, modeling . To build up a precise 3D model of the South theatre and the North theatre we used the 3D laser scanner model †GS100 MENSI†. The results we’ve obtained were very precise and the Figure 6. Mesh part of the Scene and the cavea of the Southern Theatre Figure 7. Cloud Points of the Scene of the Southern Theater ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September – 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ ADVANTAGES Very precise measurements. A solution in situations where 3D measurement by other means may be difficult. Quick in data capture. On-sitescanning is possible. DISADVANTAGES Very expensive. Practical limits on the object size and height. May have difficulties on some material surfaces. May have difficulties on some Material surfaces Editing the data to produce meaningful results may be difficult. other applications. The software has the ability to export the final models and solids to Auto Cad using the solid SAD converter. 2) Real Works Survey. Provides the user a set of tools for processing 3D point clouds and 2D images in order to obtain the necessary information. Generally, this processing can be divided into two modes: the Registration mode and the Office Survey mode. During the registration mode we register several scans simultaneously by using data captured during target scanning. Several test fields using white spheres as targets have been installed to get information about the accuracy of distances in scanning direction and across. We also use the Geo Referencing tool to put the scanned data into a known coordinate system. During the office survey mode, we segment the point clouds into logical parts. We also extract measurements or different types of 2D drawings from the point clouds. These extracted results were exported into CAD systems. 6. LASER SCANNER DATA ACQUISITION The laser scanner MENSI GS100 was used in this project and scanning was performed from various positions so that the full coverage of the surface will be achieved with sufficient overlapping (Fig. 10 ). The specific scanner has a recommended range of 2-100 , with optimal range of m.. The system’s horizontal and vertical field of view is 60 degrees. Reflective targets distributed over the site allowed the easy registration of the scans during data processing. Although the laser scanning software provides direct and immediate access to the scan data by visually inspecting the point cloud in situ to identify possible problem areas in the data sets, it proved that some parts of the site were excluded and larger overlap was required for the complete merging of all scans. Figure 10. North theatre; Overlapping areas and gaps Starting with the question of accuracy, it must be understood that total stations have built-in limits on precision that are often ignored and that affect ultimate accuracy. Accuracy refers to the agreement of a value with the true value. Whereas the problem was once measuring as precisely as possible or as precisely as a scaled drawing could display, the problem is now to measure and record as precisely as required for the particular project. A comparative evaluation of the techniques in the data capture and modeling of the northern gate of the Southern theatre is shown and measurement results of the Tape measurement, PhotoModeler, 3D Laser Scanner GS 100 MENSI measurement are presented in table 1 Figure 8. Mesh view of the North theatre Figure 11. Cloud Points of the Cevea of the southern Theatre Figure 9. Mesh part of the northern gate of the Southern Theatre The office work included the use of two software packages: 1) 3Dipsos. Sophisticated software used to reconstruct 3D models from large sets of point cloud data captured by a 3D laser scanner. It is an intermediate data processing application between scanning and the use of environments reconstructed in ________CIPA 2005 XX International Symposium, 26 September – 01 October, 2005, Torino, Italy________ to 90 degrees as possible, 4. Ensure that all points appear on three or more photographs, 5. Ensure all point and line markings on the images are precise, and do not guess at a point location if it cannot be seen, is not distinct, is fuzzy or is hidden by some other object. Nevertheless, the precision supplied by total stations or photogrammetry software and recorded in CAD models must not exceed the limits on accuracy of the total system and must be appropriate for the job at hand. As already stated, every project has its own particularity. Those needs should be carefully determined, explicitly stated, and properly met by the survey methods and procedures. Laser scanning provides dense 3D information that can be implemented for the DEM and also for the determination of the ground coordinates of presignalized control points. The large sets of data obtained are an impediment to virtual computer visualization. Often it is very difficult to deal with the data without large RAM memory of the order of two GB. 7. CONCLUDING REMARKS The documentation of the Jerash theatre was implemented by a combination of photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. Generally:†¢ Hand survey is labor intensive specially in the field. †¢ Computer rectified photography is the simplest method of producing drawings. Metric cameras are no longer needed and can be substituted for with simple digital cameras. †¢ The advantage of using photogrammetry is its speed and accuracy, especially over large and complex structures. †¢ Cost will inevitably be one of the deciding factors in choosing between different recording methods, but should not be used to decide the level of survey. The effort needed to get accurate and detailed DEM models by means of photogrammetric procedures only, is considerably high. There are limits on precision based upon a different group of contributing factors, lens distortion, precision of lens focal length measurements, size of photos used. PhotoModeler is an elegant measurement method used in documentation of cultural heritage applications. The shortfalls of this method, mainly associated with limited geometry of areas in the shadow of the object, are more prominent when the object is a large complex form. However its use does not involve large costs or sophisticated equipment, as only a calibrated digital camera is needed. The recent emergence of terrestrial laser scanning has shown that it has the potential to be of major value to the cultural heritage recording professionals. While data collection in this project using the PhotoModeler and Laser scanning methods indicated a small gain in time over laser scanning, the main advantage is the fully automated data capturing process using terrestrial laser scanning. Generally, laser scanning requires viewing the surveyed object from several viewpoints to resolve shadows and occlusions. To achieve the best accuracy in PhotoModeler: 1. Ensure that a well-calibrated camera is used for the project, 2. Use photos with good resolution. 3. Ensure that the angle between the camera stations is as close John Coles,† The Site Record and Publication† Conservation on Archaeological Excavations, Ed.N.P. Sanley Price, ICCROM, pp.59-69, Rome, 1995 Photogrammetric Measurement, Object Modeling and Documentation in Architecture and Industry, Ed. Petros Patias, ISPRS, VOol.XXXII, Thessaloniki, 1999 Documenting the Cultural Heritage Edited by Robin Thornes and John Bold ,Getty Information Institute,1998 MENSI 2001: Mensi training materials, German training course, May 2001. WWW 2001: An extensive collection of links to laser scanner producers and reports about applications in cultural heritage is maintained by the authors at http://scanning.fh-mainz.de -www.international.icomos.org/recording_fre.htm Browning.Iain/ Jerash and the Decapolis/ Chatto Windus.London/ 1982/ (Ds154.9 G47 B76 1982). and Carl H.Kraeling/ Gerasa City of the Decapolis/ Yale University/ Published by the American Schools of Oriental Research/ New Haven, Connecticut/1938. W. Boehler, M. Bordas Vicent, A. Marbs ( Investigatgn Laser Scanner Accuracy , The XIXth CIPA Symposium at Antalya, TURKEY, 2003. Harrison Eiteljorg, How Should We Measure an Ancient Structure?, Nexus Network Journal, vol. 4,no.4(Autumn2002),http://www.nexusjournal.com/Eiteljorg.ht ml) Boehler, W. , Heinz, G., Marbs, A. The Potential of NonContact Close Range Laser Scanners for Culture Heritage Recording,CIPA Working Group VI)2001.

Child Friendly School Policies In Kenya Education Essay

Child Friendly School Policies In Kenya Education Essay The purpose of this essay is to explore what Child Friendly School policies could learn from Comparative and International Research. Reference to CFSs in Kenya will be made with emphasis on the background of CFSs, current practices and emerging critics, success stories, problems and pitfalls and what CIR can do to subjugate some of these challenges. I will start by examining the rationale for exploring CFSs, based on literature and my professional experience. Following this background will be literature surrounding the concepts of CIR and CFSs in relation to global agendas, exploring how CFSs came into existence and the driving forces behind it. I then go on to focus on a case study of CFS in Kenya, discussing the role of CIR in the Kenyas CFS, arguing that CIR is used as a political tool in creating educational policy, rather than a research method or an intellectual inquiry. I will further critically analyze challenges facing CFSs and how knowledge on CIR can contribute more effect ively to successful implementation of CFS policies. A conclusion based on the literature and authors experience will then be drawn. Throughout the essay, I build a case in favour of CIR arguing that CIR stimulates critical reflections about our educational systems by investigating commonalities and differences across national borders. Background and Rationale Comparative and international education is one of the main fields of education with many benefits, judged by the volume of studies reported in the literature. Central to this is that many countries around the world have formulated some of their educational policies based on knowledge and research from CIR. With the current wave of globalization, researchers and experts, especially in the field of education, are always trying to find ways of streamlining their educational policies with the global trends. According to Giddens (1990:64), globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distance localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. Global forces therefore have an impact on shaping local practices at grass root levels. In order to do this tactically and critically, comparative and internal research remains cutting edge in informing people about the realities, the challenges and the possible effects of uncritical transfer of ideas. One of the key developments in education has been the prioritisation of basic education as opposed to adult education or higher education. In Africa, this would be probably because, as Oketch (2004) points out, basic education yields higher rates of returns compared to higher education. This has subsequently influenced government and non-governmental organizations to focus more on improving the quality of basic education. Child-friendly schools (CFSs) in Kenya is an example of a initiative sponsored by UNICEF with the aim of not just providing children right to education but the right to the right education. In other words, CFSs are more concerned with the quality of basic education in addition to its access. The emergence of CFSs in Kenya was catapulted by the forces of agendas 1 and 2 of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) which emphasizes on the provision of basic education. The World Education Forum (2000) agreed on six Education For All (EFA) goals. The sixth goal concerned Educa tion quality, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognised and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills. The term quality in education is dynamic because of the social, political and economic context at which it is used. Milligan (2011:276) adds that quality has, thus, been placed as an integral cog in the educational development machine although how educational quality is defined is a matter of great contention. Because of differences in contexts, it is imperative that knowledge of comparative and international research be used in designing policies and pedagogy in CFSs that fit that particular context. Furthermore, with the fear that some countries may lag behind as others move forward, countries from sub-Sahara Africa are now engaging in various practices in order to achieve these educational goals, a race against the 2015 set deadline for attainment of EFA goals. As the clock ticks towards the year 2015, priority goals in education may change for post-2015 and the worry is further elevated. One of the efforts the government of Kenya is doing to improve the quality of education is by integrating CFS model into the basic education system. Two major questions arise here: First, how is CFS realistic considering myriad challenges facing the FPE policy in Kenya? Secondly, if integrating CFS model into basic education will help in improving the quality of education, what lessons can CFS policies learn from CIR? It is against this background that the purpose of this essay hinges. Literature Review In this section, I will look at the concepts of Comparative and International Research (CIR) and Child Friendly School (CFS) based on the literature and merge them with the global forces that influenced the emergence of CFS with an attempt to unveil the voices behind the introduction of CFS in Kenya. In addition, I will use an example of PRISM experience in Kenya to reinforce the understanding of the role of international bodies in promoting quality through well strategized and executed projects, arguing that lessons from PRISM experience can be used as insights to successful implementation of CFS policies. Concepts of Comparative and International Research (CIR) and Child Friendly School (CFS) CIR is a fusion of two broad areas of research: Comparative Research and International Research. To understand its full meaning, it is important we define the two areas of research separately. In his definition of comparative research, Mills et al (year) argue that: Comparative research is a broad term that includes both quantitative and qualitative comparison of social entities. Social entities may be based on many lines, such as geographical or political ones in the form of cross-national or regional comparisons. (p. 621) A similar perception was echoed by Noah and Eckstein (1969:127), who described comparative education as an intersection of the social sciences, education and cross-national study [which] attempts to use cross-national data to test propositions about the relationship between education and society and between teaching practices and learning outcomes. In light of this definition, comparative research in the context of education can be defined as a study of two or more entities or events (Crossley Watson, 2003) with the underlying goal of searching for similarity and variance. Cross-national or regional comparisons may include comparing educational policies, pedagogy, educational leadership and so on. According to Mills et al (2006: 621), the search for variance places more emphasis on context and difference in order to understand specificities. International education, on the other hand, can be defined as the application of descriptions, analyses and insights learned in one or more nations to the problems of developing educational systems and institutions in other countries (Wilson 2000a: 116). Thus, international research is concerned with research carried out across two or more countries, often with the purpose of comparing responses between them. This might be done in order to devise strategies that work well across both or all these cultures or to suggest local adjustments to a global strategy There is a close relationship between comparative and international education. Epstein (1994: 918) points out, that international educators use findings derived from comparative education to understand better the processes they examine, and thus, to enhance their ability to make policy. We can therefore draw from the above two definitions that CIR in education as a method of comparing both qualitative and quantitative entities in education across different countries, societies or cultures with the aim of identifying similarities and differences. It is however important to note that not all international research is comparative, and not all comparative research is international or cross-national. According to UNICEF (2007), a child-friendly school is both a child seeking school and a child-centred school: It is child seeking because it actively identifying excluded children to get them enrolled in school. It is a child-centred school because it acts in the best interests of the child leading to the realization of the childs full potential, is concerned about the whole child: her health, nutritional status, and well-being and concerned about what happens to children before they enter school and after they leave school. A CFS system recognizes and respects childrens right and responsibilities; it provides the enabling environment to realize childrens right not only in schools, but also in childrens home and their communities. These include children from conflict zones, street children and children with disabilities. The Child-Friendly Schools model (see fig 1) is based on simple, rights-based concepts that would have all schools be: Rights Based School: CFS proactively seeks out-of-school children and encourages them to enrol, irrespective of gender, race, ability, social status, etc. Gender Sensitive School: CFS promotes equality and equity in enrolment and achievement among girls and boys. Safe and Protective School: CFS ensures that all children can learn in a safe and inclusive environment. Community Engaged School: CFS encourages partnership among schools, communities, parents and children in all aspects of the education process. Academically Effective School: CFS provides children with relevant knowledge and skills for surviving and thriving in life. Health Promoting School: CFS promotes the physical and emotional health of children by meeting key nutritional and health care needs within schools. (UNICEF, 2007) Fig 1: Model of the Child-Friendly School Source: UNICEF, Global Education Strategy, 2007 The CFS model provides a framework for planning (and monitoring the effectiveness of) strategies for increasing access to quality basic education with the specific focus on the development of strategies to include those children hitherto excluded from education (UNICEF, Global Education Strategy, 2007). It is important to note that there is no one-way to make a school child-friendly. The model may differ from country to country depending on the context. International and Local Pressures and their influences to formation of CFS in Kenya Education in sub-Sahara Africa, and indeed in Kenya, is crafted from both influences by global trends in education and the legacies of colonialism. Chisholm and Leyenderker (2008) observe that: Since 1990, the goals and purpose of education in sub-Sahara Africa has been reshaped by four interconnected developments: globalisation, the changed focus of international aid agencies towards development assistance, the adaptation of sub-Sahara African countries to the new world order with its new political emphases, and the spilling over of new pedagogical ideas from the USA and Europe into sub-Sahara Africa. (p 198) Kenya is a signatory to a number of conventions in education, including the Convention to the Rights of the Child (1989), the World Declaration on Education for All (Jomtien, 1990), the Dakar accord and the Millenium Development Goals (2000). In achievement of education development goals, Kenya is bound to, among other things, quality education by MDGs. The Jomtien call for access for access, equity, quality and democracy in education appeared to promise both social and economic development (Chisholm and Leyenderker, 2008). Social and economic development, and continues to be believed, requires educational change and educational change is necessary for social and economic development (ibid:). Educational change, in turn, is perceived to depend on, amongst other things, the input from relevant development assistance projects. These projects, in the arena of education, are typically formulated with reference to internationally negotiated development agendas (like the MDGs) and priority (Crossley Watson, 2003). An example of these projects in Kenya is CFSs which are supported by United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF). The Education Section of UNICEFs Programme Division introduced the Child Friendly Schools (CFS) framework for schools that serve the whole child in 1999 (Chabbott, 2004). Rationale for introducing CFS framework in Kenya The increased reliance of foreign aid to support education reform in Kenya has been accompanied by a transition, from understanding education as a human right and the general good to viewing it primarily in terms of its contribution to national growth and well-being through the development of the knowledge and skills societies are deemed to need (Arnove Torres 2007:359). Occasional voices continue insisting that education is liberating, that learning is inherently developmental (ibid: 359). With the global concern that Sub-sahara Africa countries may not achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) by 2015 unless the progress is accelerated (Carceles et al., 2001; Bennel, 2002), Kenya responded by introducing Free Primary Education (FPE) policy in 2003 with both local and global pressure. The rationale behind introducing FPE was (apart from the pressure from global and international agendas) to alleviate poverty attributed to lack of literacy skills. The success story behind implementation of FPE policy is the increased enrolment at primary schools by nearly 50%, from 5.9 million in 2003 to 9.38 million pupils according to the Kenya Economic Survey 2011. However, there are myriad challenges facing the implementation of FPE policy: there are not enough textbooks, classrooms are overcrowded and the infrastructure in many schools is inadequate for the numbers of pupils attending. Many of the schools do not have sanitation facilities. The teacher-pupil ratio is quite high: acc ording to UNESCO there are more than 40 pupils per teacher, on average. All of these factors militate against the provision of quality teaching. There is no magic wand for fixing this problem of quality in education. In response to this CFS were introduced in Kenya. According to UNICEF (2006:1): The challenge in education is not simply to get children into school, but also to improve the overall quality of schooling and address threats to participation. If both quality and access are tackled, children who are enrolled in primary school are likely to continue, complete the full cycle, and achieve expected learning outcomes and successfully transition to secondary school. The CFS framework (see appendix 3) aims at promoting child-seeking, child-centred, gender-sensitive, inclusive, community-involved, protective and healthy approaches to schooling and out-of-school education with a general goal of improving the quality of learning. Since CFSs are concerned with the quality of learning, it is important we look at the meaning of quality. The national examinations to obtain the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) at the end of primary cycle and the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) at the end of secondary cycle are designed to evaluate the extent to which the primary and secondary graduates master the curriculum content. In other words, the national test scores are used as the indicators of quality. The limitation of this indicator is that it does not take into account the context at which learning takes place i.e. the learning environment, learners unique characteristics etc. There are many definitions of quality but one of the descriptions of quality which emphasizes on the context was by Tikly (2011:10) who argued that: A good quality education is one that enables all learners to realise the capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and democratic societies and enhance wellbeing. The learning outcomes that are required vary according to context but at the end of the basic education cycle must include threshold levels of literacy and numeracy and life skills including awareness and prevention of disease. In his description, Tikly believes that a good quality education arises from interactions between three overlapping environments, namely the policy, the school and the home/community environments. In his perception of quality education, Tikly puts context into consideration i.e. needs of the learner, cultural and political contexts. In addition, he emphasizes on the relevance of what is taught and learned and how it fits the nature of particular learners in question. This encourages policy makers to take cognisance of changing national development needs, the kinds of schools that different learners attend and the forms of educational disadvantage faced by different groups of learners when considering policy options'(ibid:11). The fact that CFS emphasizes on learner-centered pedagogy and puts the child at the centre or focal point in the learning process raises the idea of what is regarded as valuable knowledge and how this knowledge is acquired in this particular context. This leads us to the inquiry on the school of thought or paradigm behind introducing a contextualized CFS framework. CFS as an approach to education is premised on constructivism, a theory of knowledge arguing that humans generate knowledge and meaning from interaction between ideas and real experiences. According to constructivists, the notions of reality and truth are socially constructed and in different context with the understanding that knowledge is subjective and embedded in multiple realities. Thus, quality of learning should be viewed in the context in which it is occurs. Towards Quality Basic Education In Kenya: Developing Research Capacity and Evaluation Before we acknowledge the contribution of CFS in providing quality education to the children at Primary school level, it will be prudent to review some of other contributions that has been made by international organizations in collaborations with the local government in promoting quality of education at grassroot levels in building research capacity. Kenya has had a history of benefiting from international assistance in its education sector. One of the programmes is the Primary Schools Management (PRISM), an initiative of DfID through the Ministry of Education, which places a lot of emphasis on participatory approaches and emphasis on mobilising community support, resource management and utilisation, supporting learning of pupils and developing action plans. It targeted teacher training and management and the impact of this is overall effectiveness of an education system which has a direct bearing on quality of education. According to Otieno Colclough (2009:26), PRISM is regarded as one of donor-funded programmes which had most positive impact on quality of basic education and CFS can learn from it. As Crossley et al ()notes, the main objective of PRISM was to improve the quality of primary education through the training and support of head teachers in practical management skills. Borrowing from the PRISM experience it is worthy learning that well planned and organized CFSs policies involving community participation at grass root level could help amplify local voices and lead to successful implementation of educational policies not only in Kenya but also other parts of African contexts. Challenges in implementing CFS in Kenya In this section I will explore common challenges associated with the CFSs with an aim of illuminating and critiquing the gap between policy and practice in CFSs. Access and Quality Dilemma: Which one should be first priority? As I mentioned earlier, one of the role of CFS in Kenya is to improve the quality of learning. But the access to education is still a challenge in Kenya and there is fear that Kenya will not have achieved EFA goals 1 and 2 by the year 2015. As we near the 2015 set deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, at a time when hopes should be high, universal access to primary education in Kenya seems to be slipping away. Many comparative researchers argue that different countries have different educational problems and it is the countrys obligation to identify what should be the priority and why. Aksoy (2008: 218) observes that: While developed countries are mainly engaged in activities to increase the quality of education, or they practice and seek new techniques and methods of learning and teaching, developing countries struggle to provide equal opportunities for education, trying to increase the rate of participation of all citizens in basic education, which is actually compulsory. To deal with its educational problems, each country works out countrywide or local solutions, depending on the nature of the problem. The tone of such statement is more closely allied to the question of priority. Priority in one country may not be a priority in another. In Kenya, the major problem basic education is facing is of access while higher education is facing the problem of quality. CFS focus more on quality, but in the Kenyan context, access to education is still a problem in basic education even after the introduction of FPE. The CFS concept of quality can however suit very well in some small state commonwealth countries which have almost universal access to basic education. It has been noted that small sates have now shifted education priorities towards focus in school effectiveness, quality and inclusion (Crossley, 2002) after ensuring that all children have accessed basic education and CFSs in Kenya should learn from small states that the priority should now be on access to basic education before shifting to quality. Atomizing the child: is child-centred the solution to quality CFS? A key feature of a right-based, CFS system is that it is linked tightly to the child-centred learning process. CFS advocates for child-centred learning where a child is treated as a single entity or an atom in learning processes. The idea of atomizing a child has its drawbacks derived from child-centred learning. First, there is an oversight on early year development behaviour of the child. Psychologists believe children undergo various levels of development and their learning behaviours are different at each level. For instant, Vygotskys (1978) concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) implies that a child cannot ordinary create ZPD by himself; he needs the more expert individual to bridge the gap between his current development level and his proximal level of development. Secondly, a child-friendly, democratic learning environment may not work successful in overcrowded classrooms and school with limited resources like it is the case in Kenya. Thirdly, child-centred learning weakens the role of the teacher. The idea that a child must be active in construction of knowledge is often understood to imply a diminishing role for the teacher in learning process who now becomes a coach or a facilitator. A call for paradigm renovation, from an exclusively child-centred learning to a combination of both child-centred learning and teacher-centred learning approach is important so that the weakness of one method is complemented by the other method. What Lessons can Kenya learn from other Countries in Implementing CFS? A Review on the Contribution of Comparative Research King (2007) emphasizes the need to explore the tension between the national and the international policy agendas in Kenya in order to make informed decisions when crafting educational policies. Clearly, this is a view that acknowledges the contribution of CIR researchers in bridging theories, policies and practices with both local and global minds (Crossley, 2000) in trying to identify betters grounds to critically reflect and determine appropriate course of action. Apparently, the term that is commonly used in Kenya and indeed many Africa countries in the initial processes of designing an educational policy is benchmarking. Essentially, this is usually a comparative study which is carried out locally and/or internationally in trying to compare different models of policy framework with the aim of critical adaption or adoption. Lessons are well learnt when a comparisons are made, and this underscores the strength and significance of comparative research. Moreover, since problems transcend national borders, it is prudent to seek possible solutions from a similar experience in another country, and this explains why international research is important. Kenya can learn from other countries that are either progressing or failing to implement CFS policies because lessons can either identify opportunities or gaps, based on comparative analysis. In these respect therefore, I have identified two key elements of CIR which could help implementation of CFS. The first element is on identification of the gap between policy and practice. Documenting the emerging good practices and lessons learned within the regions is useful in informing evidence based programming and advocacy to enable us to achieve better results. For example, a Global Evaluation Report published by UNICEF in 2009 on comparative studies of how to six countries (Guyana, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand) with different experiences implementing CFS, demonstrated the following: CFSs in varying contexts successfully apply the three key principles of CFS models-inclusiveness, child-centredness and democratic participation. Schools operating in very different national contexts, with different levels of resources and serving populations with different needs have succeeded in being child-centred, promoting democratic participation, and being inclusive. Schools that had high levels of family and community participation and use of child-centred pedagogical approaches had stronger conditions for learning, that is, students felt safer, supported and engaged, and believed that the adults in the school supported the inclusion and success of each student. (UNESCO, 2009) Kenya can use this success report to assist in providing a broader perspective on the ways in which CFSs can contribute to quality in the countrys unique context. The caution should however be that any steps taken should have hindsight of the current context in the country to avoid uncritical transfer of practice which may end up opening a Pandoras box. Secondly, through CIR, studies of educational systems that share similar problems can provide information for learning possible consequences. A recent comparative evaluation research conducted by UNESCO in Nigeria, Gunaya, Thailand and the Philippines on CFS pedagogy gave different findings. While teachers in Nigeria and Guyana mainly focused on meeting basic instructional material needs (textbooks, paper), many teachers in Thailand and the Philippines focused on having greater access to information and communication technology (UNESCO 2009). Kenya experiences the same challenge as Nigeria and Gunaya, and data from these countries can be used to learn how they coping with inadequate basic instructional material. The caution here should be, that common problems may prevail in different countries, but common model cannot be applied because each country has different culture/context (Crossley Watson, 2003:39). This provides invaluable information of what to adopt, modify or avoid. Conclusion It is worthy reiterating Crossley'(2003) emphasis that context matters and different countries have different needs and priorities even if they are faced with the same challenges. The value of CIR is studying foreign systems of education in order to become better fitted to study and understand our own (Sadler 1900, reprinted 1964:310) and CIR can be used as a lense to focus on adaptable or adoptable practices. UNICEF repeatedly emphasises that CFS is a pathway to educational quality rather than a blueprint and that it is counterproductive to regard the CFS model as rigid, with a present number of defining characteristics or key components (2009c, Ch. 1, p. 9). Thus, the essay sought to present an overview in favour of the contribution of CIR by highlighting what CFS policies in the Kenyan context could learn from CIR. As such, the essay acknowledges the role of CIR in stimulating critical thinking and reflections about CFSs system by evaluating its success and failures, strengths and weaknesses. This critical reflection facilitates self evaluation in our own context and the basis for determining appropriate courses of action. The essay also hints that CIR helps us understand global agendas and how they shape educational development projects from organizations and development agencies.

Approaches to Film

Auteur theory is the belief that the director is the sole artist of any film, especially if that film is capable of reflecting a style unique to the director. Many directors have a sort of signature that they instill into their films, whether it be based on casting, the soundtrack, camera angles and shots, a continuous prop or character that keeps arising, or any combination of the aforementioned. Part of the auteur theory is that when people see a certain film, they are able to pick out the director of the film based on the aspects of the film itself.However, there is controversy regarding this theory, as many people believe that the film is the creation of the film crew as a whole, that each individual adds their own special touch. A well-known auteur director is Quentin Tarantino, and one of the films that he is most known for is Pulp Fiction, which was released in 1994. Pulp Fiction contains actors and talent that Tarantino tends to use in his films, preferring to work with peopl e he is familiar with rather than with fresh-blooded actors.The film also contains references to old cult songs, which is perhaps one of Tarantino's most obvious signatures within his films. Shots and camera angles are other ways that Tarantino left his mark on Pulp Fiction. One of his signature camera angles involves a person being locked in a trunk, with the camera in the same position as the person in the trunk. When the trunk would open, the camera would be looking up at the two men that put the people into the trunk. This shot has been informally dubbed the trunk shot, thanks to Tarantino.Another memorable shot was the continuous shot of the two men walking down the hallway. Even though they went through doors and turned corners, the entire scene was done in one shot, one camera movement. Though Tarantino's mark and signature shine through everything he does, it is most obvious in Pulp Fiction. It is because of this movie that many people have begun to identify other films of T arantino's, as his style is one that is hard to replicate. Though many people are against the auteur theory, Tarantino, and Pulp Fiction, are what makes the theory plausible for some directors.

Internet Web Servers and HTML Essay

In order to create a web page, a host must be first be found, or created. The Internet host is a site where the web page becomes available for view by users on the world wide web. While web pages can be hosted by an individual, most people prefer to use a host site as a service provider to do so for them. An Internet host provider does everything needed to make a web site available to others. The host provider will usually charge a fee for their services, although in some cases it is free. Most host providers can also sell a domain name (for instance www. johndoe. com). They will provide space on their server for web pages and may provide an interface control panel for installing scripts, which eases users’ accessibility to the site (such as providing a link for Email communication). After the Internet host provider has been selected, it is then up to the owner of the web site to provide the pages that will appear on the Internet. This is done by creating HTML (hyper text markup protocol) pages that are transferred to the server via FTP (file transfer protocol). An easy way to create web pages for a site is to use a software editor such as Microsoft’s Front Page. Front Page is available as part of the Microsoft Office Suite and can integrate documents from Word or spreadsheets from Excel into the web page. Front Page is user friendly; the software lets users input the text and pictures they want on a web site page as if they were using a word processing program (i. e. , there are buttons to make letters bold, italic, colored, etc. ) instead of having to insert the correct HTML code (which translates the look and placement of items on the Internet). Front Page then takes the information and converts it to HTML language. Once the pages are complete, Front Page will transfer the pages to the Internet host provider where they will be stored, using the account name and password via FTP. Once the pages have been uploaded to the web site, it is then visible and accessible to any user of the world wide web. References â€Å"Hosting Your Web Site†. Retrieved October 31, 2007 from the Dummies Web site: http://www. dummies. com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-3140. html. â€Å"Microsoft Office Front Page 2003†. Retrieved October 31, 2007 from the Microsoft Web site: http://www. microsoft. com/products/info/product. aspx? view=22&pcid=57bccce5-f934-422d-a11a-2afd0c0014db&type=ovr.